Columna de Carmen Gloria Zúñiga: “Habilidades ciudadanas para el Chile actual”

En un momento de tanta polarización social y política como el que enfrentamos hoy, la capacidad de generar argumentos en base a evidencias y no en base a juicios es crucial.

El aniversario del estallido social y el plebiscito del 25 de octubre fueron indicadores de que Chile está enfrentando un momento histórico que debe ser analizado en las salas de clases. Como profesores de historia, geografía y ciencias sociales debemos vincular los contenidos curriculares con el contexto en el que están inmersos los estudiantes. Dicha vinculación no debe hacerse de forma escalar, es decir, primero vincular el contexto escuela y barrial, posteriormente el regional, luego el nacional y finalmente el global. La vinculación debe ser temática, sobre contenidos que las y los estudiantes ven en su diario vivir y que podrían se mejor comprendidos si es que se abordan explícitamente en sus procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

Uno pudiera preguntarse, ¿cómo vincular temáticamente contenidos tan lejanos temporalmente como la Fundación de Santiago en 1541 o la época colonial? Una posible respuesta es posicionándonos críticamente en el currículum y buscando elementos que tengan un símil hasta hoy, es decir, que presentan procesos de continuidad. En este ejercicio, es importante problematizar los contenidos para que los estudiantes piensen nuestra asignatura como un problema a resolver. Por ejemplo, si consideramos la situación social en la colonia… ¿Qué vinculaciones podemos realizar con la estructura actual de nuestra sociedad? ¿Qué elementos han perdurado? ¿Cuáles han cambiado?

Este ejercicio de vinculación y de presentar la historia y las ciencias sociales como problema a resolver requiere del desarrollo de dos habilidades ciudadanas clave para que nuestros estudiantes se desenvuelvan en el Chile actual. La primera, es la de argumentar en base a evidencias y la segunda es la capacidad de evaluar la información que en se encuentra en Internet.

La argumentación y contra-argumentación en base a evidencias permite que los estudiantes puedan distinguir entre hechos y opiniones. Tantas veces escuchamos que nuestros estudiantes consideran evidencia un vídeo de YouTube y se limitan a repetir los contenidos del vídeo sin realizarse preguntas tan relevantes como: ¿Quién es el presentador? ¿En qué contexto fue creado el vídeo? ¿Qué evidencias utiliza el autor para sustentar sus aseveraciones? ¿Está argumentado o está dando su opinión? ¿Cuál es la intención del presentador al realizar ese vídeo? Al respecto, debemos recordarles a nuestros estudiantes que ninguna fuente es neutra y que todas tienen una intencionalidad tras su creación. En un momento de tanta polarización social y política como el que enfrentamos hoy, la capacidad de generar argumentos en base a evidencias y no en base a juicios es crucial.

La evaluación de los contenidos en línea se encuentra estrechamente ligada a la argumentación en base evidencias. Si consideramos que Internet representa la mayor fuente de información a la que acceden nuestros estudiantes, es de suma importancia que puedan evaluar su confiabilidad. Esto no se hace de igual forma que en la lectura tradicional, sino que debe realizarse lateralmente, es decir, para evaluar la confiabilidad de un sitio web lo que debemos hacer es dejarlo y abrir múltiples pestañas que nos ayuden a comprender la veracidad del sitio. Lo mismo ocurre para las publicaciones que encontramos en redes sociales. En este contexto, Wikipedia puede ser un gran aliado para comprender brevemente un tema, pero más importante para ir al final del artículo y utilizar las referencias como motor inicial de búsqueda.

Ambas son habilidades ciudadanas porque permiten a nuestros estudiantes construir argumentos sólidos sobre una temática y poder participar de los debates asociados, promover iniciativas y generar cambios desde su rango de acción. Les permite posicionarse frente a los dilemas que vivimos y actuar al respecto, desarrollar sentidos de pertenencia tan necesarios para construir un Chile más justo y mejor.

Carmen Gloria Zúñiga
carmen.zuniga@uc.cl

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1 × SELECT * FROM educacion_rsfirewall_hashes

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1 × UPDATE `educacion_session` SET `data` = '__default|a:8:{s:15:\"session.counter\";i:2;s:19:\"session.timer.start\";i:1745094094;s:18:\"session.timer.last\";i:1745094094;s:17:\"session.timer.now\";i:1745094096;s:24:\"session.client.forwarded\";s:12:\"3.15.139.249\";s:8:\"registry\";O:9:\"JRegistry\":1:{s:7:\"\0*\0data\";O:8:\"stdClass\":0:{}}s:4:\"user\";O:5:\"JUser\":25:{s:9:\"\0*\0isRoot\";b:0;s:2:\"id\";i:0;s:4:\"name\";N;s:8:\"username\";N;s:5:\"email\";N;s:8:\"password\";N;s:14:\"password_clear\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"usertype\";N;s:5:\"block\";N;s:9:\"sendEmail\";i:0;s:12:\"registerDate\";N;s:13:\"lastvisitDate\";N;s:10:\"activation\";N;s:6:\"params\";N;s:6:\"groups\";a:0:{}s:5:\"guest\";i:1;s:13:\"lastResetTime\";N;s:10:\"resetCount\";N;s:10:\"\0*\0_params\";O:9:\"JRegistry\":1:{s:7:\"\0*\0data\";O:8:\"stdClass\":0:{}}s:14:\"\0*\0_authGroups\";a:1:{i:0;i:1;}s:14:\"\0*\0_authLevels\";a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:1;}s:15:\"\0*\0_authActions\";N;s:12:\"\0*\0_errorMsg\";N;s:10:\"\0*\0_errors\";a:0:{}s:3:\"aid\";i:0;}s:20:\"com_rsfirewall.geoip\";s:2:\"US\";}' , `time` = '1745094097'
1 × UPDATE educacion_content SET hits = hits + 1
1 × SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `educacion_rsfirewall_logs

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